Scientists discover 'why stress turns hair white'

Scientists say they may have discovered why stress makes hair turn white, and a potential way of stopping it happening without reaching for the dye.

In experiments on mice, stem cells that control skin and hair colour became damaged after intense stress.

In a chance finding, dark-furred mice turned completely white within weeks.

The US and Brazilian researchers said this avenue was worth exploring further to develop a drug that prevents hair colour loss from ageing.

Men and women can go grey any time from their mid-30s, with the timing of parental hair colour change giving most of the clues on when.

Although it's mostly down to the natural ageing process and genes, stress can also play a role.

But scientists were not clear exactly how stress affected the hairs on our heads.

Researchers behind the study, published in Nature, from the Universities of Sao Paulo and Harvard, believed the effects were linked to melanocyte stem cells, which produce melanin and are responsible for hair and skin colour.

And while carrying out experiments on mice, they stumbled across evidence this was the case.

"We now know for sure that stress is responsible for this specific change to your skin and hair, and how it works," says Prof Ya-Cieh Hsu, research author from Harvard University.

'Damage is permanent'

Pain in mice triggered the release of adrenaline and cortisol, making their hearts beat faster and blood pressure rise, affecting the nervous system and causing acute stress.

This process then sped up the depletion of stem cells that produced melanin in hair follicles.

"I expected stress was bad for the body," said Prof Hsu.

"But the detrimental impact of stress that we discovered was beyond what I imagined.

"After just a few days, all of the pigment-regenerating stem cells were lost.

"Once they're gone, you can't regenerate pigment any more - the damage is permanent."

The mouse before pain was induced (top) and some time afterwards (bottom image)

In another experiment, the researchers found they could block the changes by giving the mice an anti-hypertensive, which treats high blood pressure.

And by comparing the genes of mice in pain with other mice, they could identify the protein involved in causing damage to stem cells from stress.

When this protein - cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) - was suppressed, the treatment also prevented a change in the colour of their fur.

This leaves the door open for scientists to help delay the onset of grey hair by targeting CDK with a drug.

"These findings are not a cure or treatment for grey hair," Prof Hsu told the BBC.

"Our discovery, made in mice, is only the beginning of a long journey to finding an intervention for people.

"It also gives us an idea of how stress might affect many other parts of the body," she said.

(Source: BBC)

Stress in pregnancy 'makes child personality disorder more likely'

The children of women who experience severe stress when pregnant are nearly 10 times more likely to develop a personality disorder by the age of 30, a study suggests.

Even moderate prolonged stress may have an impact on child development and continue after a baby's birth, it said.

More than 3,600 pregnant women in Finland were asked about their stress levels, and their children followed up.

Psychiatrists say mums-to-be must have access to mental health support.

Other important factors, such as how children are brought up, the family's financial situation and trauma experienced during childhood, are known to contribute to the development of personality disorders and could have played a role.

What is a personality disorder?
It means that certain aspects of someone's personality make life difficult for them and for other people.

They can be overly anxious or emotionally unstable, for example, or paranoid or anti-social - there are a wide range of types.

Personality disorders are thought to affect about one in 20 people.

They are more likely to have other mental health problems, such as depression, or drug and alcohol problems.

Like other mental disorders, upbringing, brain problems and genes can play a part in their development.

What did the study do?
Every month during pregnancy, the study - in the British Journal of Psychiatry - asked women to answer questions about their mental stress levels.

They had to say if they had notable stress, some stress or no stress.

The women lived around Helsinki, Finland, and their babies were born between 1975 and 1976.

When those children turned 30, any diagnoses of personality disorder were noted - there were 40 in total, which were all severe cases involving admission to hospital.

What did it find out about stress?
The study found prolonged, high levels of stress during pregnancy could have a potentially long-lasting effect on children.

Children exposed to severe maternal stress were 9.53 times more likely to develop a personality disorder than those whose mothers experienced no stress.

Those exposed to moderate stress had four times the chances.

This could be stress related to relationship problems, social factors or psychological problems, for example.

Why is stress damaging?
It's not known how stress in pregnant women could increase the risk of personality disorders - it could be down to changes caused in the brain or the result of inherited genes, or a number of other factors in the children's upbringing.

The researchers tried to tease out the effects of stress alone, by controlling for other factors such as the psychiatric history of the pregnant women, whether they smoked during pregnancy or had depression.

Previous research has found links between stress in pregnancy and the development of depression, anxiety and schizophrenia.

What can be done?
Dr Trudi Seneviratne, who chairs the perinatal faculty at Royal College of Psychiatrists, said pregnancy could be a stressful time and mums-to-be needed support.

"If stress isn't tackled, there is a high chance it will spill into the post-natal period," she said.

"It's a really sensitive thing to talk about.

"We don't want parents to think they are damaging their children - but high levels of stress do affect us."

She said NHS England had dramatically improved perinatal mental health services in recent times.

How can stress be reduced during pregnancy?
Women should be supported at home and work during pregnancy and given coping strategies for when they were stressed, Dr Seneviratne said.

"They need to learn to rest, to ask for support and talk to someone about how they are feeling."

Eating a balanced diet, stopping smoking and getting regular sleep is also advised.

More advice is available from the Royal College of Psychiatrists' website and NHS UK.

And after the birth?
Lead study author Ross Brannigan, from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, said: "This study highlights the importance of providing mental health and stress support to both pregnant women and families during the antenatal and postnatal period."

Your midwife or health visitor should ask if you have ever had problems with your mental health in the past and whether you have feelings of hopelessness after your baby is born.

You should be offered support from health professionals to help you manage your feelings.

(Source: BBC)